This post is a part of F# Advent Calendar.

Meet Proba 2

PROBA-2 is a small satellite, launched on November 2nd 2009, developed under an ESA program in Belgium. PROBA-2 contains five scientific instruments. One of them is TPMU (Thermal Plasma Measurement Unit), developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.

My post is about a bug in TPMU and how I used F# to fix it.

History of the bug

When first data come in, TPMU team found out there was some issue with data for electron temperature. It turns out that wrong program was mistakenly copied to its read-only memory - a testing version that was meant to be used on Earth for tests or experiments. This program is different from the real one, because on Earth some sensors don't generate any meaningful data (only some noise) their output was amplified through some electronic components. As a result of this, data from TPMU were malformed in some unknown (but consistent) way.

Basically, this can be seen as a bug in production code in read-only memory in space.

SWARM to the rescue

Source: ESA, http://spaceinimages.esa.int/Images/2012/03/Swarm

Luckily, there is another satellite in space that measures the same thing. It's called SWARM. We can compare its data with data from PROBA-2. Let's look at it's histograms:

The histogram basically tells us frequency of numbers among data set.

Can we use this to "fix" our bug in space? We can take SWARM data and treat it as the truth, i.e. how the data should look like, and see, where it leads us. Ultimately, we want to find a function that can be applied to data from TPMU and we get corrected data.

Percentile to percentile

We can compare data set A with data set B, by looking at number on percentile p in A to number in same percentile in B. Percentile is number in p * size(A) position of sorted data A. The only problem is that sizes of our data sets are different. That's not hard to solve, we map every number from smaller data set to a number in corresponding percentile of bigger data set.

F# code that creates pairs of corresponding (on same percentile) values follows:

```let getPairs xData yData =
let xs = Array.sort xData
let ys = Array.sort yData
let xlen = Array.length xs
let ylen = Array.length ys
if xlen < ylen then
xs |> Array.mapi (fun i x -> x, ys.[int <| (float i)*(float ylen)/(float xlen)])
else
ys |> Array.mapi (fun i y -> xs.[int <| (float i)*(float xlen)/(float ylen)], y)
```

The first result

Then we draw a graph from these pairs, where X coordinate is our original data and Y coordinate is correct data.The result is very interesting:

The above graph is interactive, you can zoom in and out.

We can see that it consists of three blocks that look like continuous function, each block is delimited by visible break in an otherwise smooth graph. There is a good chance that using polynomial regression on these blocks gives us a good transforming function.

Constructing a fitting function - polynomial regression

The goal of polynomial regression is to find parameters of polynomial

$y : x \mapsto p_0 + p_1 x + p_2 x^2 + \cdots + p_N x^N$

such that the difference from real data points is minimal.

There is a method for polynomial regression in Math.NET Numerics. This method can be used to find optimal parameters (p0 , p1 , ... , pN) for polynomial of given order from data points.

```let fitPoly' order ps =
let ps = ps |> Seq.toArray
let xs = ps |> Array.map fst |> Array.map float
let ys = ps |> Array.map snd |> Array.map float
let p = Fit.Polynomial(xs, ys, order)
let f = Fit.PolynomialFunc(xs, ys, order) |> (fun f -> fun x -> f.Invoke(x))
f, p

/// Get polynomial parameters for fitting function from data pairs ps with polynomial order n
let fitPolyParams n ps = fitPoly' n ps |> snd

/// Get fitting function from data pairs ps with polynomial order n
let fitPoly n ps =
let (f, p) = fitPoly' n ps
fun x ->
let y = Evaluate.Polynomial((x:float), p)
assert (f x = y)
f x
```

Results for different orders of polynomial

To illustrate how polynomial regression became more and more precise with increasing order, I have created graphs for selected orders:

Polynomial order 3

Polynomial order 5

Polynomial order 10